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Apeltes quadracus
''Apeltes quadracus'', the Fourspine stickleback or Bloody stickleback is a species of stickleback belonging to the order Gasterosteiformes which lives in freshwater, brackish and benthopelagic environments of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean between Newfoundland and South Carolina.〔http://www.fishbase.org/summary/3269〕
== Appearance ==
The fourspine stickleback is the smallest member of the family Gasterosteidae.〔Courtenay, S. C., & Keenleyside, M. H. (1983). Nest site selection by the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill). Canadian journal of zoology, 61(7), 1443-1447.〕 It generally has either four or five dorsal spines but may have as many as seven.〔Blouw, D. M., & Hagen, D. W. (1981). Ecology of the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus, with respect to a polymorphism for dorsal spine number. Canadian Journal of Zoologly, 59(9), 1677-1692.〕 It has an elongated fusiform body that is spotted brown to olive green except for the underside. Its belly is silvery white. Males tend to be dark than females and develop red pelvic spines.〔Scott, W. B., & Crossman, E. J. (1973). Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, 184.〕 The first three dorsal spines are close together and stick out at acute angles, each with their own triangular membrane.〔Blouw, D. M., & Hagen, D. W. (1981). Ecology of the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus, with respect to a polymorphism for dorsal spine number. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59(9), 1677-1692.〕 The fourth spine is straight and associated with the dorsal fin. Its lateral line ends blow the origin of the second dorsal fin. Its pelvic fins sit almost right below the pectoral fins in the thoracic region. The species does not have scales.〔Bigelow, H. B., & Schroeder, W. C. (1953). Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (Vol. 53). Washington: US Government Printing Office.〕 They can grow 5 to 6 centimeters in length, but they usually grow to be about 4 centimeters.
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